Your search resulted in 647 documents. Displaying 25 entries per page.
The growth and metal content of plants grown in soil contaminated by a copper/chrome/arsenic wood preservative
1977 - IRG/WP 3110
Salts of copper, chromium and arsenic are used together in water soluble formulations for the preservation of wood against insect and fungal attack. Copper/chrome/arsenic (CCA) preservatives are of proven efficacy and, used correctly, ensure a useful service life for timber for 30 years or more with little, if any, attendant threat to the environment from the treated wood itself. The preservative ...
C Grant, A J Dobbs
The influence of carrier fluid type on the efficacy of a wood preservative against cavity forming soft rot
2000 - IRG/WP 00-30244
Propiconazole was applied to Scots pine sapwood (Pinus sylvestris) and beech (Fagus sylvatica) using three different carrier systems selected on their varying ability to swell timber. The effects of microdistribution on the activity of cavity forming soft rot fungi were examined to determine the practical benefits of using swelling and non-swelling carriers with this active ingredient. Efficacy of...
P A Hodges
Polymeric alkylphenol polysulfide - A new wood preservative compound
1999 - IRG/WP 99-30193
The three most widely used preservative compounds are Chromated Copper Arsenate (CCA), Pentachlorophenol (PCP) and Creosote (which is a mixture of phenolic compounds). These preservatives are very effective but their long-term future use is questionable because of environmental concerns. These concerns have resulted in restrictions in usage and in some countries a ban on their use as wood preserva...
J Goswami, A Abramson, R Buff, D D Nicholas
IRG test of preservative-treated hardwoods with particular reference to soft rot. Report on condition of specimens installed in Victoria, Australia
1984 - IRG/WP 3318
Over a third of the treated stakes involved in this test have been mechanically damaged. As many of these stakes broke off at or near groundline they could not be reinstalled. So they have been removed from the study despite most exhibiting little or no decay. Because of the mechanical damage to a substantial number of the treated stakes, we propose to terminate the CSIRO part of this study after ...
G C Johnson, J D Thornton
International comparison of three field methods for assessing the in-ground resistance of preservative-treated and untreated wood to termites and fungal decay – Summary of observations after five years
2003 - IRG/WP 03-20261
Results are presented from a five-year study conducted in five locations in Australia, Thailand and the USA. Three methods of exposure were assessed (below-ground, graveyard and ground contact) for evaluating the in-ground termite and decay resistance of Pinus radiata D. Don sapwood stakes that had been vacuum pressure impregnated with CCA (Type C) and ACQ (Type D) each at two nominal retentions (...
M Lenz, J W Creffield, T A Evans, B M Kard, C Vongkaluang, Y Sornnuwat, A F Preston
Remediation of environmental impacts related to inorganic wood preservative chemicals using in-situ geochemical fixation
2001 - IRG/WP 01-50166-17
Use of the inorganic wood preservative chemical chromated copper arsenate (CCA) has resulted in several documented cases of soil and ground water contamination at wood treatment plants due to spills or releases of the treatment chemical. The most significant impact from releases of CCA to the environment is related to hexavalent chromium contamination of ground water. This is due to the relative s...
R M Thomasser, J V Rouse
Collaborative soft rot tests: Final Report
1978 - IRG/WP 2106
Since preparation of Document No: IRG/WP/258 results have been received from the remaining collaborators. Thus there is a little further to add to the conclusions already derived, those in Document No: IRG/WP/251 being as follows: 1) the exposure system used sometimes resulted in excessive weight gains in the sterile check blocks. Consequently the corrected loss in weight of the test blocks could ...
J G Savory, J K Carey
Minimum inhibitory concentration of methylene bisthiocyanate towards selected wood inhabiting fungi in liquid culture and on radiata pine
2001 - IRG/WP 01-30261
The objective of the current study was to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of methylene bisthiocyanate (MBT) towards wood inhabiting fungi common on unseasoned radiata pine (Pinus radiata D. Don). The fungi used were Ophiostoma floccosum, Leptographium procerum, Sphaeropsis sapinea and Trichoderma viride. Fungi were individually inoculated into nutrient media spiked with differ...
T Singh, B Kreber, C Chittenden, R N Wakeling, A Stewart
Preservative treatment specifications in Fiji
1982 - IRG/WP 3190
The preservative treatment specification used in Fiji is outlined. Reference is made to a basic end use classification and to locally approved treatment processes, preservatives and retention levels. Amenability ratings are defined and penetration requirements for broad commodities indicated. Currently commercial operations rely entirely on pressure treatment with copper-chrome-arsenic multisalts ...
A S Alston
Effects of soil physical and chemical characteristics on adsorption of leached CCA and ACQ preservative components
2003 - IRG/WP 03-50200
The objective of this study was to examine the effect of soil characteristics on adsorption of wood preservative components from CCA and ACQ preservative systems. Adsorption of leached CCA and ACQ preservative components in soils with different characteristics were studied. Three soils (clay, sandy and organic) were investigated using different concentrations of leach water of CCA and ACQ wood pr...
S Stefanovic, P A Cooper
The relationship between preservative type and surface degrade in Pinus radiata
1980 - IRG/WP 3158
Samples of Pinus radiata D. Don were impregnated with one of two preservative types, a copper chrome arsenic salt and a light organic solvent preservative. The panels were exposed to the weather for 4-5 years at a site near Sydney, Australia. Macroscopic and microscopic examinations showed different rates and patterns of weathering between the samples treated with each preservative and an untreate...
R S Johnstone, R K Bamber
Biological and chemical investigations for the assessment of the environmental impact of wood preservative components
1999 - IRG/WP 99-50127
This study was carried out in order to investigate the suitability of biological and chemical techniques to evaluate the environmental impact of wood preservatives depleted from impregnated wood. Small specimens (15*25*50 mm3) of Scots pine sapwood (Pinus sylvestris) were treated with a CCB salt. After fixation the treated and untreated samples were washed-out according EN 84, and the different le...
E Melcher, H-W Wegen
Leaching of CCA from Bombax ceiba catamarans in operation for 15 years
2002 - IRG/WP 02-50191
Core samples of wood at random were collected from all the timber pieces of each of the three catamarans made of CCA treated logs of Bombax ceiba put to continuous service for the last 15 years at the Lawson's Bay fishing village, Visakhapatnam. The samples were dried to constant weight, powdered, digested and analyzed for the residual salts of the preservative. The residual content of ...
V Kuppusamy, M Balaji, M V Rao, K S Rao
Biological resistances of wood-metaborate composites using the borax solution system
2001 - IRG/WP 01-30259
Combinations of wood and metaborate composite were prepared from sapwood specimens of Japanese cedar (Cryptomeria japonica) and the borax and metallic salts system using the diffusion-penetrated process. Wood-metaborate composites were produced as follows: water-saturated specimens were first impregnated by a saturated borax solution and then diffuse-penetrated with Zn2+, Ca2+, or Pb2+ solution. B...
Liang Lin, T Furuno
Biodetioration and strength reductions in preservative treated aspen waferboard
1983 - IRG/WP 2195
Experimental aspen waferboards, bonded with liquid or powdered phenol formaldehyde resins and treated by various methods with a wide selection of preservatives, were tested for fungal resistance in accelerated laboratory trials. Mold growth on the surface as well as weight and strength losses due to the actions of decay fungi were determined. Testing of board strength after decay in high and moder...
E L Schmidt, H J Hall, R O Gertjejansen, R C De Groot
Tilting and vacuum treatment - two methods to obtain a non-dripping freshly treated timber
1989 - IRG/WP 3535
Modern impregnation plants are designed to prevent spread of impregnation solutions from the plant through leakage, etc. It is also important that freshly treated timber does not spread solutions through dripping on the storage area. To prevent this, the impregnation procedure is terminated with a vacuum period. In many plants in Sweden this period is minimized or even excluded to gain time. Inste...
I Johansson, M-L Edlund
Further steps in the development of above ground wood preservative systems
2002 - IRG/WP 02-30300
Metal and organo-metallic wood preservative systems have provided the consumer with cost effective wood preservative systems which satisfy the performance requirements in a wide range of end uses.
With increasing environmental and legislative control, metal-free formulations have emerged as the dominant preservative systems for the protection of timber in the lower hazard classes.
In higher ha...
P Warburton, A S Hughes
A comparison of the diffusion of boron from two types of solid preservative rods into the heartwood of 3 Eucalypt pole species
2000 - IRG/WP 00-30227
The ability of boron to diffuse from polyborate and boron/fluoride rods through the heartwood of three eucalypt pole species (blackbutt, red ironbark and spotted gum) was examined. The aim was simply to determine the effects of rod type, wood species and time on the longitudinal diffusion of boron in eucalypt heartwood. Rapid diffusion of boron from polyborate or boron/fluoride preservative rods o...
P J Beutel, P D Evans
The Protection of Plywood with Benzalkonium Chloride (BAC) Wood Preservative
2002 - IRG/WP 02-40219
Alkyldimethylbenzyl ammonium chloride (benzalkonium chloride) (BAC) and alkyldimethylamine acetates were approved by the Timber Preservation Authority of New Zealand in 1978 for the protection of radiata pine that was destined for above ground, weather exposed applications. As a result of continuing failures, the use of AACs was stopped in New Zealand in the mid 1980s.
The Plywood Association of ...
J Norton
Biological test, AAS and EPR study of copper monoethanolamine complex with quaternary ammonium compounds as a wood preservative
2003 - IRG/WP 03-30321
Experiments were carried out on the wood preservative with a strong fungicidal activity based on Cu(II) carbonate, 2-aminoethanol (monoethanolamine) and quaternary ammonium compound (QAC). The object of the performed investigations was sapwood of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) treated with Cu-EA-QAC formulation. Mycological investigations were carried out according to EN 113 and EN 84 standards....
B Mazela, I Polus, S K Hoffmann, J Goslar
Inorganic preservative levels in soil under treated wood decks after 8 years natural exposure in Borås, Sweden
2005 - IRG/WP 05-50233
Inorganic preservative components (Cu, Cr and As) were measured to a depth of 150 mm under deck structures made with Scots pine lumber treated with several different wood preservatives and installed in Borås Sweden 8 years ago. Higher contaminant levels were observed mainly under the drip lines and in the top 50 mm of soil. Under CCA treated decks, soil arsenic concentrations increased from ba...
P A Cooper, Y T Ung, M-L Edlund, J Jermer
After 18 years, preservative dipping and brush treating continue to provide protection to shingles of western wood species
1997 - IRG/WP 97-30156
The presence of residual preservation in dip-treated and brush-treated shingles of various species from the western United States was assessed 18 years after installation using Aspergillus bioassays. The performance of western redcedar (Thuja plicata) was compared to western hemlock (Tsuga heterophylla), sugar pine (Pinus lambertiana) and western larch (Larix occidentalis). Untreated shingles of a...
T C Scheffer, D J Miller, J J Morrell
Tropical In-Ground Durability of Structural Sarawak Hardwoods Impregnated to High Retention with CCA-salts, CCA-oxide and FCAP after 20 Years Exposure
2005 - IRG/WP 05-30384
Statistical analysis (ANOVA) was conducted on durability (termite and decay combined) rating data collected over 20 years exposure period of over 140 species of Sarawak timbers with altogether 30,000 stake specimens, at the Forest Department’s Sibu “graveyard” stake test sites from 1977. About 20 replicated stakes were pressure-treated to refusal with 10% g/ml concentration of up to 3 CCA-sa...
Wang Choon Ling, A H H Wong
Enhanced removal of CCA from treated wood by Bacillus licheniformis in continuous culture
1997 - IRG/WP 97-50083
A gram positive, spore-forming bacterium, which was isolated from a 20-year-old Forest Service test plot of CCA-treated 2 x 4's in Madison, WI., demonstrated the ability to release copper, chromium, and arsenic from CCA-treated wood in liquid culture. CCA-treated sawdust was exposed to this organism, which has been presumptively identified as Bacillus licheniformis. Analysis of the sawdus...
C A Clausen
Investigation of temperature effect on fixation of Celcure preservative (ACC) in Hornbeam (Carpinus betulus I)
2003 - IRG/WP 03-30304
In this research, the fixation speed of Celcure 2 % (ACC) preservative salt, under temperature of 30 ºC, 40 ºC and 50 ºC on intact wood specimens of hornbeam was investigated. For this purpose, blocks of wood with 2Í 2 Í2 cm dimensions of hornbeam were prepared and saturated with 2% ACC concentration by full-cell process. The specimens were put in three incubators at the above-mentioned temperatures. For measuring the percentage of fixation through time, the specimens were extracted by using hydraulic pressure equipment, under 70 Mpa pressure. The PH of extraction was measured with the method of Diphenyl Carbazid and by using spectrophotometer. This measurement was done continuously and the amount of 6-valence chromium concentration present in the extract was compared with the amount of chromium concentration in the primary solution and then the percentage of fixation was calculated.
The results showed that the decrease in 6-valence chromium is accompanied with increase of PH, this due to absorption of positive hydrogen ion by 6-valence chromium for reduction to 3-valence chromium and also ion –exchange of active components with wood during the primary phase of fixation. Also, the time necessary for reaching complete fixation in intact wood in the fixation temperature conditions of 30, 40, 50 ºC were 98, 52, 24 hours, respectively. In general, the results showed that temperature has effective role accelerating of fixation process.
R Imani, R E Majdar, A Karimi