Your search resulted in 6688 documents. Displaying 25 entries per page.
Refinement of emission values for preserved wood in the ‘Storage Scenario’, for use in the environmental risk assessment of Wood Preservatives under the Biocidal Products Directive
2007 - IRG/WP 07-50244
The evaluation of an active substance or a biocidal product under the Biocidal Products Directive (BPD) requires that an environmental risk assessment is carried out. The risk assessment for wood preservatives includes a scenario for the treated wood in storage after treatment, in which the predicted environmental concentration (PEC) in soil, surface water and groundwater is calculated, using emis...
E F Baines
The Role of Moisture Content in Above-ground Leaching
2007 - IRG/WP 07-50245
This paper reviews previous reports on the moisture content of wood exposed above ground and compares those values to moisture contents obtained using simulated rainfall and immersion methods. Laboratory leaching trials with CCA-treated specimens were also conducted and the results compared to published values for leaching of CCA-treated specimens exposed above ground outdoors. Previous researcher...
S Lebow, P Lebow
The effect of additives on copper losses from alkaline copper treated wood
2007 - IRG/WP 07-50246
The replacement of chromated copper arsenate (CCA) by alkaline copper compounds has heightened awareness of the potential impact of copper losses on aquatic organisms. While there remains a healthy debate concerning the actual risk of copper leaching from wood preservatives into aquatic ecosystems, it is clear that reducing these losses will be necessary to avoid continued regulatory actions aga...
J Mitsuhashi, J J Morrell, L Jin, A F Preston
Construction of an ITS sequence database for the identification and classification of wood rot fungi
2007 - IRG/WP 07-10626
Developing a database that contains information about wood rot fungi is important in improving technologies about wood preservation as well as advances in understanding wood decay. On the other hand, with rapid spread of the Internet, establishment of a system for the swift precise access to information are required for the computerization of the research information. In the present study, genetic...
S Horisawa, Y Honda, S Itakura, S Doi
Genome-wide survey of cellulase related genes of white rot fungus,Pleurotus ostreatus
2007 - IRG/WP 07-10627
A white rot fungus, Pleurotus ostreatus, which is a important edible mushroom, has received much attention to apply to bioremediation and bioconversion because it has both cellulase and ligninase. To confirm copy number of cellulase-related genes encoded in P. ostreatus genome, we attempted to genomic Southern hybridization of P. ostreatus. The draft genome sequence and a large quantity of EST and...
T Tamenori, S Horisawa
Treatment of Green Logs infested by Exotic Pest: Case Study of the Emerald Ash Borer: Agrilus planipennis Fairmaire
2007 - IRG/WP 07-10628
Invasive alien insect species periodically infest forests in the United States causing the destruction of plant species and decimating populations, resulting in significant economic and ecological losses for areas involved. The Emerald Ash Borer (EAB) was first discovered on North American soil in the summer of 2002 near Detroit, Michigan and has since spread to several other Midwestern states and...
P Nzokou, S Tourtellot, D P Kamdem
Durability of timber from exotic species against termite attack in Indian conditions
2007 - IRG/WP 07-10629
Exotic trees species, Acacia mangium Willd. and A. auriculiformis A. Cunn. ex Benth. and their hybrid are widely grown in India for multiple uses including use as timber. It is essential to know the natural durability of timbers against termites for predicting the service life of the timber and deciding on the application of preservatives to enhance the durability. Studies were conducted to test t...
O K Remadevi, R Muthukrishnan
Control of Moisture Content in Wood Materials for Mold Growth
2007 - IRG/WP 07-10630
Mold growth on wood materials is a major concern for house owners, as it can cause health and aesthetic problems. Mold fungi, present everywhere, usually appear as black or gray patches on wood surfaces in humid environments, and are common in houses. Like any living organism, molds need food, water, oxygen, and a specific temperature range in order to grow. To avoid mold growth on wood materia...
Dian-Qing Yang
White Rot in Eucalyptus Wood: Anatomical Changes and Density Variation by X-Ray Densitometry
2007 - IRG/WP 07-10631
Wood samples of the hybrid Eucalyptus grandis x urophylla attacked by white rot fungi were characterized. Microscopically, the colonization of the fungi was observed in the vessels and radial parenchyma, however the cell walls of the some fibers were attacked, indicating susceptibility to this fungi. Zone lines were observed as a result of interaction and compartmentalization of the fungi. Microsc...
M Tomazello Fo, S Brazolin, M P Chagas
Effect of Cinnamomum kanehirae Extractives on the Compositions of the Fermentation Broth of Antrodia cinnamomea
2007 - IRG/WP 07-10632
The fruiting body of Antrodia cinnamomea, called niu-chang-chih, is well known and highly prized in Taiwan as a folk medicine. This fungus is endemic to Taiwan and the growth of which is restricted to the inner heartwood cavities of another endemic tree species, Cinnamomum kanehirae. The fungal basidiomes have been used for treating food and drug poisoning, diarrhea, abdominal pain, hypertension, ...
Ruo-Yun Yeh, Yuan-Min Shen , Shang-Tzen Chang
Do insects infest wood packing material with bark following heat-treatment?
2007 - IRG/WP 07-10633
As a result of international trade, many bark- and wood-infesting insects are inadvertently transported in wood packing materials (WPM) such as crating, dunnage, and pallets. WPM is suspected as the likely pathway for most of these borers, although the exact mode of entry into the USA is unknown for all 25 borers. The top 10 countries of origin were, in decreasing order, Italy, Germany, China, Spa...
R A Haack, T R Petrice, P Nzokou, D P Kamdem
Evaluating the Process of ACQ-Treated Woods with TGAand CEM Analysis
2007 - IRG/WP 07-20374
To provide an understanding of the fundamental thermal behaviour and the disposal-end products of ACQ-treated woods, this study is comprised of two categories of examination. The first is related to the use of TGA under different thermal decomposition conditions (nitrogen or air, and 5 or 40 oC/min), and the use of EDX to examine certain residual elements of the char. The second applies the CEM ...
Han Chien Lin, Tsang-Chyi Shiah, Jung Ting Tsai
Fire Safety of Wood Floor Assembly: Model and Full-scale Test
2007 - IRG/WP 07-20375
The present paper describes the model for the prediction of fire safety of wood floor assemblies. The model includes heat transfer model for the calculation of the flow of heat in floor assembly and structural model for the analysis of the mechanical performance of wood joists. The floor assemblies considered in this paper are constructed with nominal 2x10 (38x241mm) wood joists lined by Type X ...
H Takeda
Comparative Laboratory Leaching Test Methods to Study Post-Treatment Storage Period Impacts on CCA Leachability and Fixation in Treated Kempas (Koompassia malaccensis) Heartwood
2007 - IRG/WP 07-20376
Three laboratory leaching test methods were compared to determine the effects of different post-treatment storage fixation periods on leachability/fixation of CCA components from treated kempas (Koompassia malaccensis) permeable heartwood. End-sealed test wood blocks of permeable were treated with CCA to target retention of 5.6 kg/m3, immediately stored to fix at ambient conditions for 0 and 48 ho...
A H H Wong, H C Lai
Laser stain removal of fungus-induced stains on paper-based cultural relics
2007 - IRG/WP 07-40389
Laser techniques has been developed and applied in commercial use for 40 years, but it has not been used successfully to remove stains from paper-based cultural relics . The purpose of this study was to investigate the paper cleaning by using a technique of Nd-YAG laser. Artificial stained papers were inoculated with fungi and then were treated at different laser cleaning parameters, in order to f...
Tsang-Chyi Shiah, Han Chien Lin
Durability of some alternatives to preservative-treated wood. Progress report 2: Results from field tests after 5 years’exposure
2007 - IRG/WP 07-30442
A number of alternatives to preservative-treated wood have been tested according to EN 252 (stake test) and a specially designed ground-proximity field test, the latter in Sweden as well as in Hawaii, USA. Seven untreated wood species and four alternative wood treatments labelled as environmentally friendly (acetylation, linseed oil, heat treatment, vinyl polymer) were included in the study. Four ...
M-L Edlund, J Jermer
Detection of Anti-Fungal Sapwood Extractives in Non-Durable Scots Pine (Pinus sylvestris), Rubberwood (Hevea brasiliensis) and Jelutong (Dyera costulata)
2007 - IRG/WP 07-10634
A general laboratory bioassay method of Woodward and Pearce (1985) was adopted to detect anti-fungal activity of sapwood or heartwood extractives of 5 Malaysian hardwoods [dark red meranti heartwood (Shorea spp.), red balau heartwood (Shorea spp.), kulim heartwood (Scorodocarpus borneensis), jelutong sapwood (Dyera costulata) and rubberwood sapwood (Hevea brasiliensis), including the temperate Pin...
A H H Wong, R B Pearce
Evaluatiang the potency of cinnamaldehyde as a natural wood preservatives
2007 - IRG/WP 07-30444
Since cinnamaldehyde, the major constituent of leaf essential oil from Cinnamomum osmophloeum, has significant antifungal and antitermitic activities, it is worthy of understanding whether cinnamaldehyde has potential to be used as a natural preservative for improving the durability of wood. In this study, the fungi and termite resistance of cinnamaldehyde-treated wood (CTW) were evaluated accordi...
Chun-Ya Lin, Chi-Lin Wu, Shang-Tzen Chang
Antifungal activity and synergistic effect of cinnamaldehyde combined with antioxidants against wood decay fungi
2007 - IRG/WP 07-30445
The objective of this study was to investigate the antifungal activity and synergistic effect of cinnamaldehyde combined with antioxidants against wood decay fungi. Five antioxidants, propyl gallate, octyl gallate, quercetin, eugenol and catechin were tested against various wood decay fungi. Octyl gallate and eugenol were found to be the only two antioxidants processed antifungal activities. IC50 ...
Fu-Lan Hsu, Tsair-Bor Yen, Hui- Ting Chang, Shang-Tzen Chang
Effect of cinnamon oil and clove oil against major fungi identified from surface of rubberwood (Hevea brasiliensis)
2007 - IRG/WP 07-30446
Antifungal activities of cinnamon oil and clove oil at ratio 1:1 and pure against major fungi found on surface of rubberwood (Aspergillus niger, Penicillium chrysogenum, and Penicillium sp.) were investigated using the broth dilution method. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the combined cinnamon and clove oils for these test moulds was determined to be 80 µL/mL which were less than o...
Narumol Matan, Nirundorn Matan
Potential of some insecticides as wood protectants in South Indian condition
2007 - IRG/WP 07-30447
Wood continues to be one of the most widely used raw materials in spite of the introduction of many modern materials. This naturally renewable resource being an organic matter is amenable to the attack of biodeteriorating organisms. Though some wood species are known for their natural resistance to agents of biodeterioration, their availability is constantly decreasing, besides being too expensive...
R Sundararaj, O K Remadevi, R Muthukrishnan
Developments in Borate Treatment of Canadian Species for Decay and Termite Resistance
2007 - IRG/WP 07-30443
The increased interest in boron treatment of wood over the past 20 years is mainly due to its environmental acceptability, potentially deep penetration in wood, and its efficacy against decay and termites. Based on Forintek’s research in the past two decades, the boron penetration and retention requirements for decay and termite protection in various national and international standards for Cana...
Jieying Wang, P Morris, S McFarling, T Byrne
Development of preservative treatment method using sub and super critical carbon dioxide
2007 - IRG/WP 07-40385
Significant efforts have been devoted for developing biocide impregnation method into wood materials using supercritical fluid. Developing better understandings of fluid phase and its effect on treatment results would facilitate a more rational development of supercritical fluid (SCF) impregnation. In this project, the preservative treatabilities under super- and sub-critical fluid conditions we...
Myeung-Won Cho, Sung-Mo Kang, Gyu-Hyeok Kim
Difficulties applying Heat Treatment according to ISPM No. 15, when fast growth species are used
2007 - IRG/WP 07-40386
In 2002, the Interim Commission on Phytosanitary Measures (ICPM) adopted the International Standard for Phytosanitary Measures (ISPM) No. 15 (Guidelines for regulating wood packaging material in international trade). Two treatments are recognized: Heat Treatment (HT), in which wood must be heated to a core temperature of 56°C for 30 minutes, and fumigation with methyl bromide. As the last treatme...
O Encinas, J. I Briceño
Effect of fiber type and content on the natural durability of wood flour/high density polyethylene composites against rainbow fungus (Coriolus versicolor)
2007 - IRG/WP 07-40387
In order to evaluate the effect of fiber type and content on the natural durability of wood flour/high density polyethylene (HDPE) composites against Coriolus versicolor, samples containing 25% and 50% by weight of various natural fibers and HDPE were selected. Natural fibers included in the study were wood flour, rice hulls, hemp fibers and newsprint. Samples containing 25% and 50% natural fiber ...
A Karimi, M Tajvidi, S Pourabbasi