Your search resulted in 3102 documents. Displaying 25 entries per page.
A Review of Wood as Material and Source of Innumerable Products
2008 - IRG/WP 08-10662
As we known that “wood –which is a source of innumerable pruducts (Tsoumis, 1968)– is a fascinating and challenging material (Dinwoodie, 1975)”, and hence, “an understanding of the basic properties of wood and of the factors that affect its serviceability is vital background for the preservation of wood structures (Sherwood, 1986)”. This paper therefore presents an overview of structru...
I Usta, R Despot
Efficacy of Neem (Azadirachta indica) Leaves Against Wood Decay Fungi
2008 - IRG/WP 08-30450
Many plant-derived substances have fungitoxic, pecticidal and insecticidal ability. Neem leaves are very popular in this respect since the ancient time. The present study is to investigate the fungitoxic activities of neem leaves extractives against wood decay fungi. Three different solvents, i.e. acetone, methyl alcohol, ethyl alcohol, were used to isolate the extract of neem leaves. The extracti...
A Humayan Kabir, M A Rahman, M Firoz Alam
Oxidative stress and lignin peroxidase production in Phanerochaete chrysosporium
2008 - IRG/WP 08-10655
In Phanerochaete chrysosporium liquid cultures, the induction of lignin peroxidases is directly related to accumulation of reactive oxygen species at the mitochondrial level. In this study, we demonstrate that the expression of the mitochondrial thiol-related antioxidant system is not directly coupled to the LiPs expression. When the antioxidant systems are not able to cope with ROS accumulation, ...
M Morel, L Diss, C Fourrey, M Chalot, M Droux, J P Jacquot, E Gelhaye
Water Absorption of Various Building Materials and Mold Growth
2008 - IRG/WP 08-10657
Mold growth is a major problem for house owners, as it often occurs on the surface of building materials in damp houses. The principal method to control mold growth on building materials is to prevent water penetration into the materials. A study was recently conducted to determine water absorption rates of different wood species and panel materials used as building materials, when water intrusi...
Dian-Qing Yang
Natural durability of fast growth plantation Eucalyptus grandis Hill, ex Maiden
2008 - IRG/WP 08-10660
One of the fast growing species cultivated in Uruguay of mayor economical importance is Eucalyptus grandis. Physical and mechanical properties of juvenile and mature wood from different regions have been deeply studied. However, since no scientific data of natural durability of this specie has been reported, natural durability of E. grandis from two sites (Rivera and Rio Negro) was evaluated. Two ...
S Böthig, A Sánchez, J Doldán
Wood boring species present in the Tagus Estuary and the severity of their attack on wooden piles exposed in the area: a case study
2008 - IRG/WP 08-10664
Wood exposed in the marine environment is subject to degradation by wood boring organisms. This is probably one of the reasons why wood has been substituted by concrete and steel in maritime structures in many European coastal areas. Wooden piles obtained from a wharf exposed in the Tagus Estuary, Porto Brandão (Almada, Portugal) provided an opportunity to understand the main
agents of biodeter...
L M S Borges, L Nunes, A A Valente, P Palma
Whole-of-house protection from subterranean termite attack and damage after four years of field exposure
2008 - IRG/WP 08-10665
This study reports the condition of the whole-of-house termite protection test in tropical Australia after four years. The study was designed to provide maximum protection to whole-of-house timbers in a natural situation posing the highest hazard from subterranean termite populations. The houses were constructed either on concrete slabs or suspended floors using untreated and treated timber fram...
B M Ahmed (Shiday), J R J French, S R Przewloka, P Vinden, J Hann, C Y Adam
An Important Wood Destroying Beetle: Anobium punctatum (De Geer) (Coleoptera: Anobiidae) and Distribution of Western Black Sea region
2008 - IRG/WP 08-10666
Anobium punctatum (De Geer) is an economically important insect species regarding damage to wooden structures. The damage mostly occurs in historic wooden buildings, wooden chairs, tables and seats. It has been determined in the Istanbul, Ankara, Ayancik, Bartin, Rize, Trabzon,
Gumushane and Gole regions of Turkey. There is no detailed study in terms of the distribution of this insect and the d...
A Toper Kaygin, Y Yildiz, Ü C Yildiz, S Yildiz, S M Onat, N K Özkazanç, B Kaygin, S Çelíkyay
Natural durability of different wood species in above ground applications - Weight and MOE loss
2008 - IRG/WP 08-10667
In Norway, exterior wood structures have traditionally, nearly exclusively been made of untreated Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst) and pressure treated Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.). In recent years there has been a tendency that other wood species, like various Norwegian hardwoods or imported species, have been used in exterior above ground applications, often not surface treated. For se...
F G Evans, P-O Flæte, G Alfredsen
Evaluation and identification of extractives from Iranian walnut (Juglans regia L.) by GC/MS technique for protection of non-decay resistant species
2008 - IRG/WP 08-10670
The use of walnut extractives is interest as environment friendly wood preservatives in the wood preservation industry. In this study, organic solvents were used to remove extractives from Iranian walnut heartwood samples. The solvent was removed by rotoevaporation, and Identification of chemical compounds in the Walnut extractives was done by using GC/MS technique. The toxicity of various extract...
S K H Hashemi, D Parsapajouh, H Khademi Eslam
Antifungal activity of different molecular weights of a biopolymer chitosan against wood decay fungi
2008 - IRG/WP 08-30456
In recent years chitosan has been investigated as a natural polymer for wood preservation against fungal decay. From an environmental point of view, chitosan seems to possess a potential approaches as wood protecting agent. In this study, three different molecular weights of chitosan compounds (with approximately the same degree of deacetylation 83 ± 2 %) were evaluated as in vitro and in vivo as...
A S O Mohareb, M E I Badawy
Microbial Community Analysis Using Terminal Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (T-RFLP) Analysis: Field Study Results
2008 - IRG/WP 08-20377
The effects of chlorothalonil (CTN) and butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) on the fungal community in southern yellow pine (SYP) were assessed using terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism (T-RFLP) analysis. Field stakes treated with 0.25% and 0.37% ammoniacal copper quat (ACQ-C), 0.1 and 0.25% CTN, and 0.1 and 0.25% CTN combined with 2% BHT were installed with untreated controls in field s...
G T Kirker, S V Diehl, M L Prewitt, W J Diehl
Validity of above ground testing according to ENV 12037
2008 - IRG/WP 08-20379
The standard ENV 12037 for testing of treated and untreated wood (lap-joint) exposed above ground
was issued in 1996 by The European Committee for Standardization. A draft for the development of the standard was presented by CEN-TC 38/WG 25/DOC N 076 in 2002. For a test to become valid the median rating of decay for untreated control replicates (Scots pine sapwood) must be equal or greater than ...
Ö Bergman, U Råberg, N Terziev
Mechanical strength of wood from the Vasa shipwreck
2008 - IRG/WP 08-20381
Samples from three ancient ship wrecks (Vasa, Elefanten, and Gröne Jägaren) and recent oak samples as reference were examined with regard to mechanical strength using the high-energy multiple impact (HEMI) - test method, which delivers the resistance to impact milling (RIM) of a material. Adoption and optimisation of the test method for the particular sample size of the wooden drilling cores was...
A O Rapp, C Brischke, C R Welzbacher, T Nilsson, C Björdal
In-service performance of wood depends upon the critical in-situ conditions. Case studies.
2008 - IRG/WP 08-20382
Wood is a unique building material, but is by nature designed to deteriorate. A detailed
understanding of the factors and interactions involved are important when working with service life prediction of wooden components in buildings. Wood may experience exponential fungal degradation caused by variation in the climatic factors within a small limited area and by minor imperfection in the wooden ...
L Ross Gobakken, J Mattsson, G Alfredsen
Molecular Methods: a Reliable Tool for the Identification of Wood Decay Fungi in Construction Timber
2008 - IRG/WP 08-20386
In the present study, we tested the practical value of several DNA-based methods to identify at the species level the most common wood-decaying fungi infecting buildings. We successfully extracted and amplified fungal DNA from pure cultures of twelve species of wood-inhabiting fungi, from oak and pine wood infected in laboratory with known strains, and from unknown field samples of wood collected ...
M Maître, M Kutnik, I Le Bayon, L Harvengt
Service life prediction of wood: scale-dependent tools within a bio-engineering framework
2008 - IRG/WP 08-20387
Service life prediction (SLP) is a complex yet essential method for the building industry. Accurate and precise assessment of the components is crucial for a strong position of wood on the market. As it is a biological material, wood has an inherent variability and is susceptible to fungal attack. Therefore a profound knowledge of these characteristics is the corner stone of SLP for wood products....
J Van den Bulcke, J Van Acker, M Stevens
Development of a Weatherometer to Accelerate the Surface Checking of Wood
2008 - IRG/WP 08-20388
There is significant interest in developing preservatives that are better at preventing wood from checking. Currently, however, there is no accepted test methodology for accelerating the development of checks in wood samples so information on the effectiveness of treatments at restricting checking can be obtained more quickly. This paper describes the development of a new type of weatherometer (Ac...
R Ratu, P D Evans
Influence of Polyvinyl acetate emulsion (PVA) on boron leaching and fungicidal properties
2008 - IRG/WP 08-30451
Boron compounds are very effective fungicides, but unfortunately they leach from wood. In order to improve boron fixation, boric acid, borax were combined with polyvinyl acetate emulsion (PVA). For comparison copper salts were included into this research as well. Selected preservative solutions were chosen for impregnation of Norway spruce wood specimens (Picea abies). Wood blocks were exposed to ...
M Humar, B Lesar, P Kralj
Preliminary evaluation of efficacy of copper in combination with boron and NHA (N'-N-(1, 8-naphthalyl) hydroxylamine) against wood decay
2008 - IRG/WP 08-30452
In this study, efficacy of various combinations of copper sulfate with either boric acid or calcium precipitating agent, NHA-Na (N'-N-(1, 8-naphthalyl) hydroxylamine) was evaluated. Wood specimens were treated with either 1%, 0.5%, or 0.1% concentrations of copper sulfate, boric acid, NHA-Na, copper sulfate + boric acid, or copper sulfate + NHA-Na mixtures. Treated specimens were subjecte...
E Terzi, C Köse, S N Kartal
Wood preservation by a mixed anhydride treatment: Using simple models of polymeric wood compounds
2008 - IRG/WP 08-30457
Treatment of wood by a mixed aceto/oleic (or other fatty acid residue) anhydride promoted as a safe and environment friendly wood preservation system has been examined quantitatively by liquid phase 13C NMR and solid phase MAS-DEC (proton decoupling) 13C NMR through all its different stages to determine which reactions occur with simple model compounds of the polymeric constituents of wood. The p...
F Lyon, M-F Thevenon, A Pizzi, G Tondi, A Despres, J Gril, S Rigolet
Primary Study on Compressed Preservative-treated Wood (CPW) for Outdoor Applications
2008 - IRG/WP 08-40412
In this study, the compressed wood samples pre-treated with hot water bath or water spraying were immersed in the ammoniacal copper quat –type D (ACQ-D) preservative solution to get compressed preservative-treated wood (CPW). The liquid absorption and the recovery rate of compression deformation of the compressed wood was determined, as well as the surface hardness, the distribution of density a...
Jinzhen Cao, Jia Mao
Investigation into the antifungal properties of herbal remedies for potential use in the wood preservation industry
2008 - IRG/WP 08-30462
The efficacy of herbal remedies as potential antifungal agents was evaluated against two sapstain and three decay fungi. Sapstain fungi included Sphaeropsis sapinea, and Leptographium procerum, and decay fungi were Oligoporus placenta, Coniophora puteana, and Schizophyllum commune.
Out of six herbal remedies tested, three showed moderate to high antifungal activity. Caprylic acid had high antif...
D O’Callahan
Quercetin - a potential compound of Azadirachta indica A. Juss. (Neem) leaves exhibiting activity against wood decaying fungi and termites
2008 - IRG/WP 08-30463
Azadirachta indica A.Juss. is widely recognized for its medicinal, insecticidal, pesticidal and anti-microbial property. Methanol extract of neem leaves revealed marked anti-fungal activity when subjected to malt-agar and soil block bioassay against wood destroying brown (Oligoporus placentus) and white rot (Trametes versicolor). The extract also revealed marked termicidal property when subjected ...
S Dhyani, S Tripathi
Propolis for wood finishing
2008 - IRG/WP 08-30464
Possibilities of use of propolis for finishing of beech, maple and spruce wood were investigated. In the first part of the paper, an overview of propolis composition, properties and applications is given. 33.6 % mixture of propolis with 96 % ethanol was prepared and the ethanol solution of soluble propolis components (29.0 %) was applied to wooden substrates. Thin propolis films were formed on woo...
F Budija, M Humar, B Kricej, M Petric